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Transportation stress has been implicated as a predisposing factor to respiratory disease in horses. Cross-tying horses individually in stalls is common practice for transporting show and racehorses, but horses also travel in small groups or individually without being restricted by tying. The objective of this study was to compare physiological responses of horses travelling cross-tied or loose during 24 h of road transport. Ten horses were used in a cross-over design consisting of two 4 day trials. In the first trial, 6 horses were cross-tied, while 2 pairs of horses were loose in enclosed compartments. Treatments were reversed in the second trial. Baseline samples were collected on Day 1, horses transported on Day 2, and recovery data collected on Days 3 and 4. Blood samples were collected daily at 0800, 1100 and 2000 h. The mean responses in all horses of serum cortisol, lactate, glucose, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, and total protein concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) counts and aminotransferase and creatine kinase were was elevated significantly from baseline during the 4 day study. The response of white blood cell counts, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and glucose and cortisol concentrations was significantly elevated in the cross-tied compared to the loose group during transport and recovery. This study supports the recommendation of allowing horses during long-term transportation to travel loose in small compartments, without elevating their head by cross-tying

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. --- Blood. --- Cortisol. --- Design. --- Disease. --- Glucose. --- Group. --- Groups. --- Handling. --- Heart-rate. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Lactate. --- Long-term. --- Lower respiratory-tract. --- Lymphocytes. --- Pathology. --- Physiological-responses. --- Physiological. --- Posture. --- Protein. --- Racehorse. --- Recovery. --- Respiratory. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Road transport. --- Serum. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Transport. --- Transportation stress. --- Treatment.

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The Special Issue entitled “Pediatric and adolescent nephrology facing the future: diagnostic advances and prognostic biomarkers in everyday practice” contains articles written in the era when COVID-19 had not yet been a major clinical problem in children. Now that we know its multifaceted clinical course, complications concerning the kidneys, and childhood-specific post-COVID pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), the value of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the pediatric area should be appreciated, and their importance ought to increase.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- chronic kidney disease --- cytokines --- solitary functioning kidney --- tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis --- netrin-1 --- renal tubular damage --- premature newborns --- overactive bladder --- urinary microbiome --- children --- adolescents --- cystatin C --- galectin-3 --- periostin --- primary hypertension --- arterial damage --- blood pressure --- neurogenic bladder --- myelomeningocele --- markers --- furosemide stress test --- hyperfiltration --- [IGFBP-7] × [TIMP-2] --- NGAL --- renal angina index --- renal functional reserve --- tubular damage --- tubuloglomerular feedback --- neurotrophins --- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation --- hemopexin --- nephrotic syndrome --- HNF1B --- hyperuricemia --- PTH --- renal function --- uric acid --- FEUA --- sclerostin --- obesity --- childhood --- dental caries --- gingivitis --- kidney injury --- glomerulopathy --- glomerular injury --- alpha-1 acid glycoprotein --- urinary mRNA expression of podocyte-associated proteins --- cathepsin B --- premature neonates --- immaturity --- NT-proBNP --- cardiovascular disease --- common carotid artery intima-media thickness --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 --- extracellular matrix metalloproteinases inducer (EMMPRIN) --- macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) --- tubular functional reserve --- cytokeratin-18 --- endoglin --- transforming growth factor-β1 --- renal fibrosis --- congenital obstructive nephropathy --- diabetic kidney disease --- vascular endothelial markers --- eGFR --- adenine nucleotide metabolites --- chronic renal failure --- antibiotic resistance --- Escherichia coli --- inflammatory markers --- urinary tract infection --- B2M --- cancer --- CCS --- CKD --- nephropathies --- renal toxicity --- voiding cystography --- infection --- urinary tract --- IgA nephropathy --- IgA vasculitis with nephritis --- vanin-1 --- biomarker --- urinary tract infections --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- medical decision support system --- n/a